novel

新型的

常常以“小說”的意思出現(xiàn)，但novel還常用作形容詞，表示“新的、新奇的”。

劍橋辭典給出的定義是：

"new and original, not like anything seen before"

"新的、原始的，和以往見過的都不一樣"

這次新型冠狀病毒，也是人類歷史上沒有過的，和以往的非典、埃博拉都不一樣，所以是novel。

coronavirus

冠狀病毒

這個詞梨子在豬年的最后一篇文章里介紹過了，今天再來復習一下。

coronavirus是個復合詞，是由兩個名詞corona和virus合成。

virus：n. [‘vaɪrəs] 病毒

corona：[kə’rəʊnə] 有“冠冕”、“花冠”的意思

故coronavirus是冠狀病毒。

pneumonia

肺炎 [njuː'məʊnɪə]

pneumon-：在拉丁語里指我們的肺，lungs

-ia：病理性的狀況

從專業(yè)上來講，“肺炎”最正確的術語應該是pneumonitis，后綴“-itis”表示炎癥。

但不知道為什么被傳成了pneumonia并被廣泛使用。

Novel coronavirus pneumonia或NCP，就是這次對我們無情下手的新冠肺炎。

17年前，在非典爆發(fā)后的第三個月，WHO世界衛(wèi)生組織將非典命名為“SARS”，severe acute respiratory syndrome，嚴重急性呼吸綜合征。

severe: 嚴峻的，嚴厲的，劇烈的

acute: 急性的

respiratory: 呼吸的

syndrome：綜合癥，癥候群

引發(fā)非典的冠狀病毒被寫為“SARS-CoV”，這次的新冠狀病毒被寫為“2019-nCoV”，不知道之后是否會根據(jù)NCP做修改。

(“Co”指corona，“V”指virus)

【知識點】

冠狀病毒(coronavirus)是一類主要引起呼吸道、腸道疾病(respiratory and intestinal diseases)的病原體。這類病毒顆粒的表面有許多規(guī)則排列的突起(a fringe of bulbous surface projections )，整個病毒顆粒就像一頂?shù)弁醯幕使?royal crown)，因此得名“冠狀病毒”。冠狀病毒除人類以外，還可感染豬、牛、貓、犬、貂、駱駝、蝙蝠、老鼠、刺猬等多種哺乳動物以及多種鳥類(mammals and birds)。

【關于新型冠狀病毒】

2019-nCoV, as it's been labelled, is understood to be a new strain of coronavirus that has not previously been identified in humans.

這種新型冠狀病毒(2019-nCoV)此前未在人類身上發(fā)現(xiàn)過。

Coronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people.

冠狀病毒是一個龐大的病毒家族，目前已知會感染人類的有六種(新發(fā)現(xiàn)的這種是第七種)。

【相關詞匯】

新型冠狀病毒 novel coronavirus / new strain of coronavirus

呼吸道疾病 respiratory diseases

禽流感病毒 avian influenza virus

密切接觸者 close contacts

潛伏期 incubation period

疑似病例 suspected case

確診病例 confirmed case

得肺炎 get/catch pneumonia

接受醫(yī)學觀察 under medical observation

流行病學調(diào)查 epidemiological investigation

病毒爆發(fā) virus outbreak

遏制疫情爆發(fā) contain the outbreak

嚴格隔離政策 strict isolation policy

攜帶病毒 carrying the virus

超級傳染源 superspreader

醫(yī)療費用報銷 reimbursement for medical expenses

中國大部分地區(qū)口罩供應緊張 tight supplies in large areas of China

人傳人 human-to-human transmission

醫(yī)務人員感染 infection of medical worker

【相關報道】

Scientists believe an animal source is "the most likely primary source" but that some human-to-human transmission has occurred.

科學家認為動物是“最有可能的初始感染源”，不過，也有一些人傳人的病例。

Signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties.

感染癥狀包括：呼吸道癥狀，發(fā)燒，咳嗽，呼吸短促，呼吸困難等。

近期，湖北省武漢市等多個地區(qū)發(fā)生新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎疫情。

【閱讀理解】

A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected more than 1000 people since the outbreak (爆發(fā)) began in Wuhan, China, in December. Scientist Leo Poon, who first decoded the virus, thinks it likely started in an animal and spread to humans.

"What we know is it causes pneumonia (肺炎) and then doesn't respond to antibiotic(抗生素) treatment, which is not surprising, but then in terms of mortality (死亡率), SARS kills 10% of the individuals," Poon, a virologist(病毒學家) at the School of Public Health at The University of Hong Kong, said.

The World Health Organization offered guidance to countries on how they can prepare for it, including how to monitor for the sick and how to treat patients.

Here are seven things you should know about a coronavirus.

What is a coronavirus

Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses that are common among animals. In rare cases, they are what scientists call zoonotic[ˌzəʊəˈnəʊtɪk](人畜共患病), meaning they can be transmitted from animals to humans, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Coronavirus symptoms(癥狀)

The viruses can make people sick, usually with a mild(輕度) to moderate(中度) upper respiratory tract illness(上呼吸道疾病), similar to a common cold. Coronavirus symptoms include a runny nose, cough, sore throat, possibly a headache and maybe a fever, which can last for a couple of days.

For those with a weakened immune system, the elderly and the very young, there's a chance the virus could cause a lower, and much more serious, respiratory tract illness like a pneumonia or bronchitis [brɒŋˈkaɪtɪs](支氣管炎).

There are a handful of human coronaviruses that are known to be deadly.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome(中東呼吸綜合征), also known as the MERS virus, was first reported in the Middle East in 2012 and also causes respiratory problems, but those symptoms are much more severe. Three to four out of every 10 patients infected with MERS died, according to the CDC.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(嚴重急性呼吸綜合征), also known as SARS, is the other coronavirus that can cause more severe symptoms. First identified in the Guangdong province in southern China, according to the WHO, it causes respiratory problems but can also cause diarrhea [ˌdaɪəˈriə](腹瀉), fatigue (疲勞), shortness of breath, respiratory distress (呼吸窘迫) and kidney failure (腎衰). Depending on the patient's age, the death rate with SARS ranged from 0-50% of the cases, with older people being the most vulnerable.

How it spreads

Viruses can spread from human contact with animals. Scientists think MERS started in camels, according to the WHO. With SARS, scientists suspected civet cats (貍貓) were to blame.

When it comes to human-to-human transmission of the viruses, often it happens when someone comes into contact with the infected person's secretions [sɪˈkriːʃ(ə)n](分泌物).

Depending on how virulent [ˈvɪrələnt] (有毒的)the virus is, a cough, sneeze or handshake could cause exposure. The virus can also be transmitted by touching something an infected person has touched and then touching your mouth, nose or eyes. Caregivers (護理人員) can sometimes be exposed by handling a patient's waste, according to the CDC.

文章翻譯

一種新的中國冠狀病毒，是SARS病毒的一個堂兄弟，自去年12月在中國武漢爆發(fā)以來，已經(jīng)感染了1000多人。科學家LeoPoon首先破譯了這種病毒，他認為它很可能是從動物身上開始傳播到人類身上的。香港大學醫(yī)學院公共衛(wèi)生學院的病毒學專家Poon說：“我們知道這會導致肺炎(PoT)，然后對抗生素治療無效，這并不奇怪，但就死亡率而言，SARS殺死了10%的個體。” 世界衛(wèi)生組織向各國提供了如何做好準備的指導，包括如何監(jiān)測病人和如何治療病人。

關于冠狀病毒你應該知道七件事。

什么是冠狀病毒

冠狀病毒是一大類常見于動物的病毒。據(jù)美國疾病控制和預防中心稱，在極少數(shù)情況下，它們是科學家所稱的人畜共患疾病，也就是說它們可以從動物傳染給人類。

冠狀病毒癥狀

這種病毒能使人生病，通常是輕微(或中度)上呼吸道疾病，類似于普通感冒。冠狀病毒的癥狀包括流鼻涕、咳嗽、喉嚨痛，可能是頭痛，也可能是發(fā)燒，持續(xù)幾天。對于那些免疫系統(tǒng)弱的人，老年人和非常年輕的人來說，病毒有可能引起一種較低、更嚴重的呼吸道疾病，如肺炎或支氣管炎。

有一些人類冠狀病毒已知是致命的。

中東呼吸綜合征(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome，簡稱MERS病毒)于2012年在中東首次報道，也會引起呼吸系統(tǒng)問題，但這些癥狀要嚴重得多。疾控中心稱，每10名感染MERS的患者中就有3至4人死亡。

嚴重急性呼吸綜合征(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome，簡稱SARS)是另一種能引起更嚴重癥狀的冠狀病毒。據(jù)世衛(wèi)組織稱，首次發(fā)現(xiàn)于中國南方的廣東省，它會引起呼吸系統(tǒng)問題，但也會引起腹瀉、疲勞、呼吸急促、呼吸窘迫和腎衰竭。根據(jù)病人的年齡，SARS的死亡率在0-50%之間，其中老年人最易感染。

如何傳播

病毒可以從人類與動物的接觸中傳播。據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織稱，科學家認為，MERS是從駱駝開始的。對于非典，科學家們懷疑是麝香貓引起的。當涉及到人與人之間的病毒傳播時，通常發(fā)生在有人接觸到受感染者的分泌物時。

根據(jù)病毒的毒力，咳嗽、打噴嚏或握手都可能導致暴露。這種病毒也可以通過觸摸被感染者觸摸過的東西，然后觸摸你的嘴、鼻子或眼睛來傳播。根據(jù)疾病預防控制中心(CDC)的說法，醫(yī)務人員有時可以通過處理病人的廢物來暴露自己。

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