Type1引述他人觀點(為提出自己觀點鋪墊)

[1] It is widely(commonly) accepted(hold)+THAT

[2] A widely accepted(commonly) hold idea(point of view，viewpoint， opinion，assumption)is +THAT/NP

[3] A/The dominant(prevalent， prevailing)idea(see [2])is NP/to DO

[4] It is taken for granted+THAT(or：We often/frequently take it for granted THAT)

[5] People(The majority) seem to get accustomed to the idea(see [2])，without questioning，THAT

[6] People are willing to regard NP1 as NP2/ADJ

[7] People are willing to DO，while reluctant to DO

Type2提出異議

[1] However (But)，…

[2] Such idea(see[1-2])，if not entirely ADJ1，is somewhat ADJ2 and needs careful consideration.

ADJI=unreasonable，unacceptable， inappropriate，improper，undesirable，

etc;

ADJ2=misleading，doubtrul， etc

[3] In fact(As a matter of fact)，…(follow[2])

[4] However， it is not (quite， necessarily)the case.

[5] This (It) is not (quite， necessarily) the case and needs to bo fruther considered/discussed.(or：further consideration/discussion)

Type3論述的展開：說明原因和理由，層進，舉例，轉折

[1] The reason lies in several aspects，

[2] The reason why+clause+[1， underlined]

[3] There are several remarkable reasons.

[4] 層進in addition， besides， fruthermore， what‘s more， on the other hand， meanwhile， for one thing…for another; finally， above all， in short.

[5] 舉例for example， for instance， such (general term) as (specific terms)，a typical (striking) example is that， a case in point

[6] 轉折however， but， nevertheless，on the contrary

[7] 條件if ， provided that， unless， as long as，etc

Type4 就…而言;關于

[1] as far as …is/are concemed： As far as current situation is concerned

[2] as t the problem as to NP有關…的問題

Type5問題

[1] Although much effort has been made， the situation is far from satisfactory (or： the problem remains unsolved， little improvement has been achieved)

[2] There is a tendency， as recent study (investigation) has pointed out (shown， revealed， indicated)，+THAT

[3] There is growing concern about +NP

[4] It will inevitably (is likely to )result in (lead to ) unwanted (serious) consequence (or NP)

[5] Unfortunately，…

[6] We will not be able to afford the risk of overlooking the seriousness of the matter.

[7] The process， once initiated， is most likely irreversible.

[8] We are constantly (frequently) faced with NP

TYPE6重要與必要;(應)注意與重視

[1] NP1 is of great importance (necessity， value) in NP2 (or： NP is of enormous significance)

[2] The importance (necessity) of NP (to do sth.) lies in (the fact) that…

[3] NP1 plays， as is known， an irreplaceably important role in NP2

[4] The irreplaceably important role NP1 plays in NP2 is significant (obvous)

[5] NP1 is an indispensable part of NP2

[6] It is important (necessary) to DO (or：THAT)

[7] Special attention should be pay to …(or： We should pay special attention to…)

[8] What we should take into consideration is +NP

Type7行動

[1](immediate， emergent， effective) Measures are being taken (has been taken， should be taken) to DO

[3] We have made much effort， there is still more we need to make (cf. We have learnt a lot， there is much more we need to lea123)

Type8二擇其一

[1] If it were left for me to decide whether (wh-clause)，I would， without hesitation， choose+to DO (or： I would prefer the former/the latter)

[2] To DO/NP is a matter of prerence.

[3] It is difficult to make a choice for one can hardly gain most without losing any.

[4] The difficulty lies in the fact that the advantages and disadvantages of both cases are equally obvious.

[5] In fact， we may well preserve a delicate balance or compromise between the two than go to extreme.

[6] It is not sensible to exclude one of the choices completely

[7] (of two conflicting ideas， concepts) Though conflicting to one another， they are so closely associated that understanding one will be impossible without discussing the other.

[8] The benefits of NP are varied…

[9]While disadvantages are unavoidable， it is the advantages that prevail.

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