動詞的非謂語形式的用法

(1)動詞的非謂語形式包括動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞三種形式;其中分詞又包含現在分詞和過去分詞兩種形式。它們在句子中不能單獨作謂語。

(2)動詞不定式：

① 形式：動詞不定式基本形式由“不定式記號to+動詞原形”構成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑問形式是：“wh-疑問詞+to+動詞原形”。*它的被動形式：“to be +過去分詞”。*它的完成形式：“to have +過去分詞”。

② 動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,即可以在句子中作主語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語。但不定式也保留動詞的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟賓語、表語和狀語。動詞不定式加上相關成分就構成不定式短語。

③ 動詞不定式可以放在謂語前句子作主語。但是通常將作主語的動詞不定式或不定式短語放在謂語后面,而在主語位置用“it”作形式主語(有時在不定式的前面還會用for sb.表示不定式的邏輯主語)。如：To help animals is helping people.(幫助動物就是幫助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((對于我們而言)學好漢語是非常的困難)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出這道題花了我一個小時的時間)

④ 動詞不定式可以作謂語動詞(及物動詞)的賓語。

[A] 及物動詞+不定式一般形式：

如：I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我現在想休息一下)/ They began to search the room for the thief.(他們開始在屋子里搜尋小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜愛在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么時候開始學英語的?)/ Don’t forget to close the door when you leave.(你離開時別忘了關門

[比較] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了關燈.) (沒關)/ He forgot turning off the light.(他忘記關過燈.)(關了) / Please remember to ring me up.(記得給我打電話.)(還沒打電話) / I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我記得昨天給你打電話了,但是你忘記了.)(打過電話)

[B] 及物動詞+疑問詞+不定式：

不定式疑問形式還可以作句子的主語、表語等。

如：He does not know which one to take.(他不知道該選哪個)/ Tell me how to get to the station.(告訴我怎么樣去火車站)/ She asked me what to do for today’s homework.(她問我今天家庭作業做什么)/ Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎樣上網嗎?)

[C] 不定式作賓語而后面又有賓語補足語時,通常用it代替作形式賓語,而不定式則后置。如： I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我發現學騎車不很容易)

⑤ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作定語,放在名詞或代詞后面。

[A] 記住下面的一些結構：

[B] 在這種情況下,如果不定式動詞是不及物動詞,則后面必須加介詞。如：

They could not find a place to live in.(他們找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to sit on.(請給我一張椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to write with.((他找到了寫字的毛筆)

⑥ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作狀語,有下列幾種情況：

[A] 放在不及物動詞(come, go, stop, finish, wait等詞)的后面。如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天來看望她)(表示來的目的)/ I stopped to have a rest.(我停下來休息一會兒)(表示停下來的目的)

[B] 放在完整的謂語之后(即“謂語+賓語”、“謂語+賓語+補語”、“動詞+表語”之后)。如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我們打掃了房間以便讓他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打開窗子以便看得更清楚點兒)

[C] 有時表示目的的不定式短語可以放在句首。如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(為了按時到達,我們比平時早起了一個小時)(表示早起的目的)

[注意] stop to do 與stop doing的不同。如：They stopped to have a look.(他們停下來看看)(不定式作“停下來”的目的狀語)/ They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcher.(他們停止向窗外望,開始聽老師講課)(動名詞作賓語,表示“停止”的內容)

⑦ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作表語,限用于連系動詞之后。如：My job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球門)

⑧ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作復合賓語中的賓語補足語。

如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(媽媽叫我幫助她做飯)/ I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你見見我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常讓工人們一天工作14小時)/ Now let me hear you play the violin.(現在讓我來聽你拉小提琴)

[注意] help之后做賓補的不定式符號to可以省略;hear / see / feel / watch之后的賓補用不定式與現在分詞時,含義不同,需特別注意,(參見現在分詞部分)。試比較：

I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路過時聽到她正在哭)(指當時瞬間的情況)

I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近聽她唱新歌)(指整個過程)

(3)動名詞

① 動名詞由動詞原形加詞尾“ing”構成。動名詞有動詞的特征,可以跟賓語,可以被狀語修飾;它也有名詞的特征,在句子中可以作主語、賓語(包括介詞賓語)等。動名詞加相關詞語(賓語或狀語等)構成動名詞短語。

② 動名詞可以作主語。一般可用it作形式主語而將動名詞短語后移。如：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.(自學好英語不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.)

③ 動名詞可以作賓語。

[A] want / need之后用動名詞時,含有被動意思。如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的車急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理發。)(頭發被理)

[B] remember / forge / stop / finish之后用動名詞時,與用不定式含義不同。如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫封信)(根本沒寫) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫過信)(寫了卻忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他們停下來向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他們停止向后看)(不向后看了)

[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等詞一般用動名詞作賓語。如：Do you mind my closing the door?(把門關上你介意嗎?)/ She hates travelling by air.(她討厭坐飛機旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他們每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜歡在鎮上轉悠)

[D] like / love / start / begin / learn后面用動名詞時,與用不定式意思相近或相同。如：We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我們在小學時就開始學英語了) / We began studying English when we were at primary school. (我們在小學時就開始學英語了)

④ 動名詞可以作表語,此時特別注意不要與現在進行時混淆。如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把這些部件拼起來) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把這些部件拼起來)

⑤ 動名詞與現在分詞構成相同,但是含義不同,動名詞主要表示事情,而現在分詞則主要表示進行著的動作。如：Eating too much is not good for your health. (動名詞短語,作主語) / Seeing is believing.(動名詞短語,分別作主語和表語) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(現在分詞,作定語) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(現在分詞,作賓補)

(4)分詞： 包含現在分詞和過去分詞。(高中學習重點)

① 主要區別：現在分詞一般有主動的意思或表示動作正在進行的意思;過去分詞有被動或動 作已經完成的意思。分詞可以有自己的賓語或狀語。

② 分詞或分詞短語在句子中作定語、狀語和復合賓語等。

[A] 作定語：分詞作定語時,一般要放在修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語作定語時,則要放在所修飾的名詞之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) / The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”(跟著小偷追的婦女大喊：捉小偷!) / Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇見了一個名叫布萊克先生的人)/ He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只給了我一個壞玻璃杯,所以我很生他的氣)

[B] 現在分詞可以作下列動詞的賓語補足語。(參考不定式作賓語補足語)

如：Mum kept me working all the week.(媽媽讓我一個星期都在工作)/ When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我進入房間時看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有個冷的東西在我的腳上移動)

[C] 現在分詞可以作狀語,表示伴隨情況。如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走進教室,手上抓著一沓紙)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(這些日子我正忙著準備即將來到的口語考試)

[D] 過去分詞可以作表語,放在連系動詞后面,但要注意不要與被動語態混淆,“主系表”主要表示狀態,而被動語態則表示動作。常用過去分詞作表語的結構有：be worried (焦慮) / be pleased (高興) / be tired (疲勞) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮喪) / become intereted in (對…感興趣)等等。例略。

[E] 過去分詞可以作賓語補足語。如：I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我讓人給我理了發)(注意：have sth. done表示動作由別人來做,而have done sth.則為現在完成時的結構,兩個結構不可以混淆)

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