一、主謂關(guān)系中人稱和數(shù)量不一致性

漢語的動(dòng)詞不受主語的人稱和數(shù)量的影響，但英語的謂語動(dòng)詞要和主語保持一致，謂語動(dòng)詞要隨著主語變化而變化。而學(xué)生受漢語思維的影響，往往沒有習(xí)慣去考慮主語是第幾人稱，是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。

錯(cuò)誤例子：

a. A number of students is going to learn a foreign language.

b. He go to school by bike every day.

正確例子：

a. A number of students are going to learn a foreign language.

b. He goes to school by bike every day.

分析：

a句中a number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。b中 He是第三人稱單數(shù)，在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)中謂語動(dòng)詞go應(yīng)該加es。

二、時(shí)態(tài)

初中學(xué)生在寫作中經(jīng)常在時(shí)態(tài)方面犯錯(cuò)誤。英語時(shí)態(tài)種類繁多，動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成形式隨著時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。中文里沒有時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)分。動(dòng)作或動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間由跟在動(dòng)詞后的諸如 “著”、“了”、“過”等副詞來表示，對(duì)初中生來說，掌握英語的時(shí)態(tài)不是很容易。

錯(cuò)誤例子：

a. A baby can cry as soon as it was born.

b. I will not come here if it will rain tomorrow.

正確例子：

a. A baby can cry as soon as it is born.

b. I will not come here if it rains tomorrow.

分析：

a句是一個(gè)常識(shí)問題，應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。b句主句是一般將來時(shí)，從句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。

三、語態(tài)錯(cuò)誤

動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式在英語中比比皆是，學(xué)生由于漢語思維的影響，很少考慮到用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。雖然中文里也有被動(dòng)式的含義，但與英語里被動(dòng)式表達(dá)方式完全不同。英語里的被動(dòng)式要求有助動(dòng)詞be和一個(gè)變異的過去分詞形式，其中這個(gè)助動(dòng)詞帶有時(shí)態(tài)和人稱數(shù)量信息，中文里需要使用諸如“被”、“使”、“讓”等詞語，不需要有不規(guī)則的動(dòng)詞形式。這對(duì)中國的學(xué)習(xí)者來說就有潛在的困難。

錯(cuò)誤例子：

a. New bicycles must keep inside.

b. The book has to return at the end of the week.

c. The food has cooked.

d. Knife should take away from babies.

正確例子：

a. New bicycles must be kept inside.

b. The book has to be returned at the end of the week.

c. The food has been cooked.

d. Knives should be taken away from babies.

分析：

以上句子的問題在于沒有正確運(yùn)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

四、固定搭配

錯(cuò)誤多出現(xiàn)在介詞短語的搭配和固定詞組的搭配上，其中，特殊動(dòng)詞的搭配和用法錯(cuò)誤最為常見。

錯(cuò)誤例子：

a. He suggested to go there on his bike.

b. My teacher explained me the text very carefully.

c. My mother made me to choose the one I liked best.

正確例子：

a. He suggested going there on his bike.

b. My teacher explained the text to me very carefully.

c. My mother made me choose the one I liked best.

分析：

中國學(xué)習(xí)者的英語應(yīng)用很大程度上受到其母語的影響，經(jīng)常直接翻譯，沒有牢牢記住動(dòng)詞的特殊用法和固定搭配。比如suggest doing sth.;explain sth. to sb.;make sb do sth.

五、非謂語動(dòng)詞

學(xué)生常常對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞的概念不清楚，對(duì)不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞的用法不明白，對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析不正確，常把非謂語動(dòng)詞誤用作謂語動(dòng)詞。

錯(cuò)誤例子：

a. In the museum there are a lot of interesting things look at.

b. I am looking forward to see you.

正確例子：

a. In the museum there are a lot of interesting things to look at.

b. I am looking forward to seeing you.

分析：

a句中已有謂語動(dòng)詞來修飾things，此句缺的是后置定語。b句look forward to是一個(gè)固定短語，look forward to doing sth.

六、冠詞的使用

冠詞考查分兩個(gè)方面，一是冠詞的殘缺或多余，考生要注意關(guān)于含有冠詞(不含冠詞)的用法以及加冠詞與不加冠詞的區(qū)別，如：in charge of與in the charge of, out of question與out of the question的區(qū)別。二是冠詞the, a, an(不定冠詞和定冠詞)之間的相互誤用。

英漢名詞確有許多共同點(diǎn)，但是也有不少不同點(diǎn)。英語名詞有可數(shù)與不可數(shù)之分，漢語里沒有，且一般情況下，名詞都可受到數(shù)量詞的限制。因此，英語寫作中，一旦涉及到advice, news, progress, weather, information等少數(shù)常用不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，學(xué)生往往會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤。

不過，在使用英語不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，又會(huì)出現(xiàn)兩種情況，一種是絕不可以用a/an或數(shù)詞來直接修飾，如上述提及的幾個(gè)名詞;另一種情況是，少數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞在被形容詞修飾后，可用a/an等來修飾。如time(時(shí)間)，rain(雨)。所以我們可以說：We had a wonderful time yesterday.

錯(cuò)誤例子：

a. The air is the most important thing for our existence.

b. The driver brought the car to stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.

c. When sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.

正確例子：

a. Air is the most important thing for our existence.

b. The driver brought the car to a stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.

c. When the sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.

分析：

a句中air是不可數(shù)名詞，不需要the，b句中stop在此處的意思是站臺(tái)，表示某一個(gè)站臺(tái)，需要有a來修飾，c句中太陽是專有名詞，需要有the來修飾。

七、代詞的使用

代詞主要有人稱代詞、物主代詞、關(guān)系代詞、反身代詞、疑問代詞、復(fù)合疑問代詞、指示代詞，要注意代詞的各人稱之間和單復(fù)數(shù)之間的誤用，關(guān)系代詞 which, that, as之間的誤用，關(guān)系代詞that與疑問代詞what之間的誤用，以及what與how的誤用等。

錯(cuò)誤例子：

a. We do not like he.

b. The population of China is larger than those of Japan.

c. His book is different from me.

正確例子：

a. We do not like him.

b. The population of China is larger than that of Japan.

c. His book is different from mine.

分析：

只要區(qū)分好這些代詞之間的區(qū)別和意思，其實(shí)這些錯(cuò)誤很容易被避免。

八、連詞的使用

連詞主要有兩類，即并列連詞和從屬連詞，考查點(diǎn)主要是并列連詞(分遞進(jìn)式、轉(zhuǎn)折式、選擇式和因果式四種)之間的誤用(主要是but與so/and之間的誤用)，從屬連詞之間的誤用以及并列連詞與從屬連詞之間的誤用等。

錯(cuò)誤例子：

a. He had little to eat and a large house to live in.

b. He had no sooner arrived when he fell ill.

c. If you go this way, and you will soon see the hospital.

正確例子：

a. He had little to eat but a large house to live in.

b. He had no sooner arrived than he fell ill.

c. If you go this way，you will soon see the hospital.

分析：

a句中根據(jù)句意可以知道應(yīng)該表示轉(zhuǎn)折。b中no sooner than是固定搭配。c句中，已經(jīng)有了if引導(dǎo)這個(gè)句子，就不再需要and。

九、名詞的使用

名詞主要考查單數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)名詞，這主要是受東西方文化差異的影響，英語中除了不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)名詞用單數(shù)外，可數(shù)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。另外還有一些特殊形式。例如：

錯(cuò)誤例子：

a. What a beautiful weather we are having today!

b. Please give my best regard to your parents.

正確例子：

a. What beautiful weather we are having today!

b. Please give my best regards to your parents.

分析：

a句中weather是不可數(shù)名詞，不需要a。b中regard是可數(shù)的，所以要加上s。

十、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的使用

這類錯(cuò)誤有以下幾種情況：

① 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)詞使用過去時(shí)態(tài);

② 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)詞加“s”

③ 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)詞加“ing”

④”will”后面的“be”動(dòng)詞用“am、“is”或“are ”;

⑤助動(dòng)詞“do”后面的動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)態(tài);

⑥助動(dòng)詞“do”后面的動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)加“s";

⑦ 助動(dòng)詞“do”后面的動(dòng)詞加“ing”等。例如：

a. I could did my homework.

b. He may goes to school by bike every day.

正確例子：

a. I could do my homework.

b. He may go to school by bike every day.

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