一、基本概念

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或有無某方面的經(jīng)歷。

時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成：have/has + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)是很難掌握的一種時(shí)態(tài)，因?yàn)樗�并不是表示發(fā)生在某一時(shí)間的事情，而是既涉及過去，又聯(lián)系現(xiàn)在的一種時(shí)態(tài)。

比較：I live in Shanghai. 我住在上海。(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))

I moved to Shanghai ten years ago. 十年前我搬到上海住了。(一般過去時(shí))

I have lived in Shanghai for ten years. 我在上海住了十年了。(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))

二、用法詳解

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have / has+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

其中的have / has 為助動(dòng)詞，構(gòu)成疑問句時(shí)，可將其提前;構(gòu)成否定句時(shí)，可直接在其后加not。

過去分詞的構(gòu)成

①一般情況→詞尾+ed

動(dòng)詞原形 過去式和過去分詞

Walk行走 walked

Work工作 worked

Help幫助 helped

②以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾→詞尾+d

動(dòng)詞原形 過去式和過去分詞

Decide決定 decided

Hope希望 hoped

Like喜歡 liked

③以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾→變y為i，再加-ed

動(dòng)詞原形 過去式和過去分詞

Carry搬運(yùn) carried

Hurry快 hurried

Fly飛翔 flied

④以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且末尾只有一個(gè)

輔音字母→雙寫詞尾+ed

動(dòng)詞原形 過去式和過去分詞

Stop停止 stopped

Nod點(diǎn)頭 nodded

Plan計(jì)劃 planned

注意：上面介紹的都是過去式和過去分詞的規(guī)則變化，也就是“動(dòng)詞原形+ed”.實(shí)際上還有許多動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞的變化是不規(guī)則的。如：

(1)動(dòng)詞原形、過去式、過去分詞形式都相同：

cut→cut, cut(切割)

(2)過去式、過去分詞形式都相同：

bring→brought, brought(帶來)

(3)動(dòng)詞原形、過去式、過去分詞形式都不相同：

go→went, gone(去)

這些規(guī)則的變化需要逐個(gè)記憶。更多不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的變化，可以查看書后附錄。

練習(xí)一

寫出下列動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞形式。

動(dòng)詞原形 過去式 過去分詞

do did done

drop

go

begin

cut

move

fry

give

smell

win

run

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法

表影響：表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果，可以和already, yet, just等連用。

1) I have already posted the photos. 我已經(jīng)把照片寄了。(照片不在我這里了)

2) ---have you had your lunch yet? 你吃午飯了嗎?

---Yes, I have just had it. 是的，我吃了，我剛剛吃過。(現(xiàn)在不餓了)

練習(xí)二完成句子：

我們已經(jīng)完成了工作: We work.

她剛參加一個(gè)晚會(huì)回來 She from an evening party.

表繼續(xù)：表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，可以和表示從過去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如：this morning, these days, in the last (past)…, since, for a long time 等。

1)They have lived here since 1989. 自從1989年以來，他們就住在這里。

2) She has been there for over two years. 她在那里兩年多了。

練習(xí)三完成句子：

她已當(dāng)了20年的老師_________________________________

你在這里住了多久了?__________________________________

我認(rèn)識(shí)她很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了.

表經(jīng)驗(yàn)：表示從過去到現(xiàn)在之間曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過的事情，常和never, ever, once, three times, before等連用。

1) I have never been to Egypt before. 我以前從沒去過埃及。

2) He has been to Egypt three times. 他去過埃及3次了。

練習(xí)四完成句子：

你當(dāng)過教師嗎?___________________________________

他過去從未開過車____________________________________

練習(xí)五

( ) 1. We ___ a new school in my hometown recently (最近).

A. build B. have built C. built D. will build

( )2.----Did your brother go to America last year?

---- ________.

A.No, he did never go there B.No, he has never gone there

C. No, he never was there D. No, he's never been there

( ) 3 _____ the Great Wall?

A. Have you ever gone to B. Are you ever going to

C. Do you ever go to D. Have you ever been to

( ) 4.I___ the book yet.

A. haven't read B. hadn't read C. don't read D. am not reading

( ) 5 They left for Beijing last month and we ___ them ever since.

A. don't hear from B. haven't heard from C. won't hear from D. didn't hear from

( ) 6 He says he___ the book several times already this year.

A. had read B. has read C. will read D. is reading

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)都表示過去的動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，如對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響、生成的結(jié)果等等，而一般過去時(shí)只表示在過去的時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，前者強(qiáng)調(diào)影響。

1) A: Have you seen the film? 你看過這部電影嗎?

B: Did you see the film? 你看過這部電影嗎?

A句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問者對(duì)劇情是否了解;B句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動(dòng)作是否發(fā)生過，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。

2)A: She has watered the flowers.　她已經(jīng)澆了花。(不需要再澆了)

B:She watered the flowers yesterday.　她昨天澆的花。

表示過去的時(shí)間狀語如：yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等，以及when為首的疑問句與一般過去時(shí)連用，而不與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。

1) Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (錯(cuò))

Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. (對(duì))

2) ---have you ever been to the great wall?

---Yes, I have.

---When did you go there?

---Last week.

使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的幾個(gè)問題(非常重要，常考)

have been to, have gone to和have been in

1) have been to 表示“過去曾去過某地”，說話時(shí)已從該地回來或去了其它地方，總之，現(xiàn)在已不在該地。

2) have gone to 表示“以去了某地”，說話時(shí)不在說話地點(diǎn)或在去該地的途中，或已到了該地。總之，現(xiàn)在還未回來。

3) have been in 表示“已在該地(待了多久)”。表示“已在小地方多久”，需用at, 而后面跟副詞時(shí)只用have been，不用任何介詞。

Xiao Li have been to Beijing. 小李去過北京。

Xiao Li have gone to Beijing. 小李去了北京。

Xiao Li have been in Beijing for three years. 小李在北京待了三年了。

( ) 1 My father isn't here now. He ___Shanghai. He ___ there twice.

A. has gone; has been B. has gone to; has been to

C. has been to; has gone D. has gone to; has been

( ) 2 -Hi! Bruce. I haven’t seen you for three weeks.

-Hi! George. I___ America.

A. have gone to B. went to C. have been to D. have been in

( ) 3 My uncle___ London for five years. But he will be back next year.

A. went B. has been in C. has gone D. has gone to

( ) 4 -Could I speak to Mrs. Black, please?

-Sorry, she ___ to the library.

A. is going B. has gone C. has been D. will to

( ) 5 Peter is young, but he___ many foreign countries.

A. has been in B. has gone to C went to D. has been to

答案：1-5 D C D B D

since的用法

1) since +過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)　(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。

I have been here since 1989.

My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.

2) since +一段時(shí)間+ ago

I have been here since five months ago.

比較since和for

Since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。

I have lived here since I was born.

Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.

I have lived here for more than twenty years.

I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

Ihave worked here for many years.

He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.

把括號(hào)中錯(cuò)誤或不恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢竸澋簟?/p>

例：(Have, Did)you (watered, water) the flowers yet? 你澆花了嗎?

1.The Browns (lived, have lived) in Beijing since 1997.

2.(Have, Do) you (seen, see) Julia recently?

3.---Would you like some more soup?

---No, thanks. I (have had, had) enough.

4.Wait a minute. They (haven’t arrived, don’t arrive) yet.

5.Is this the first time you (have cooked, cook) spaghetti?

答案：

1.lived(布朗一家自從1997年就住在北京。)

2.Do; see(你最近看到茱莉亞了嗎?)

3.had(你想再要點(diǎn)湯嗎?不，謝謝，我已經(jīng)夠了。)

4.don’t arrive(等一會(huì)，他們還沒到。)

5.cook(這是你第一次做意大利面嗎?)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，當(dāng)句中含有一段時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞短暫變延續(xù)!

1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中有瞬間動(dòng)詞和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的區(qū)分：

[說明] “終止”、“延續(xù)”要轉(zhuǎn)換：英語中的動(dòng)詞從詞義上可以分為延續(xù)性和非延續(xù)性(瞬間動(dòng)詞)兩種，在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中一定要注意動(dòng)詞這一特性，當(dāng)句中含有一段時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)將這類瞬間動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。

瞬間動(dòng)詞：come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, die等。

延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：live, teach, learn, work, study, know.

例如：The film has begun. → The film has been on for an hour.

He has gone . → He has been away for ten minutes.

2、初中階段常見的瞬間動(dòng)詞對(duì)應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞總結(jié)：

leave --- be away, borrow --- keep, buy --- have,

begin/start--- be on, die --- be dead, finish --- be over,

fallill --- be ill, get up---be up, become --- be,

catcha cold --- have a cold, go there --- be there,

come back --- be back, put on→ wear; go out ---be out，

getto/ arrive/reach --- be (in) open(v.)---be open(adj.),

join --- be in+組織機(jī)構(gòu)/ be a member of+組織機(jī)構(gòu)

答 案

練習(xí)一答案：

動(dòng)詞原形 過去式 過去分詞

Drop dropped dropped

Go went gone

Begin began begun

Cut cut cut

Move moved moved

Fry fried fried

Give gave given

Smell smelt\smelled smelt\smelled

Win won won

run ran run

練習(xí)二完成句子：

We have just finished work.

She has just come back from an evening party.

練習(xí)三完成句子：

She has been a teacher for 20 years.

Howlong have you lived here?

Ihave known her for a long time.

練習(xí)四完成句子：

Have you ever been a teacher before?

Hehas never driven a car.

練習(xí)五答案. 1-6 B D D A B B

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