一. 過去完成時的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)

概念：表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作，即“過去的過去( past-in-the-past )”。

構(gòu)成：“助動詞 had + 過去分詞”，其中 had 通用于各種人稱。

They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.

在到達旅館之前，他們已經(jīng)吃過了早飯。

She had finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning.

今天早晨10點之前，她已經(jīng)寫完了作文。

二. 過去完成時的用法

用法1.表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。例如：

When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

我醒來時，雨已經(jīng)停了。(雨停發(fā)生在醒來之前，即“過去的過去”)

用法2.表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間，而且動作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。例如：

By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.

到去年年底為止，他已經(jīng)在這個工廠工作了20年。( 到去年年底為止已工作了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進行下去的可能)

三. 過去完成時的判斷依據(jù)

1. 由時間狀語來判定

一般說來，各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有：

(1)by + 過去的時間點，例如：

I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

到昨天晚上九點鐘為止，我已經(jīng)讀完了這本小說。

(2)by the end of + 過去的時間點，例如：

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

到上學(xué)期末為止，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了兩千多單詞。

(3)before + 過去的時間點，例如：

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

在上周三之前，他們已經(jīng)植了六百棵樹。

2. 由“過去的過去”來判定

過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指在過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：

(1)賓語從句中

當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。例如：

She said that she had seen the film before.

她說她之前看過這部電影。

(2)狀語從句中

在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。例如：

When I got to the station, the train had already left.

當(dāng)我到達車站的時候，火車已經(jīng)離開了。

注意：before, after 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達了動作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。例如：

Where did you study before you came here?

在你來這里之前，你在哪里學(xué)習(xí)?

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

他關(guān)上門后，離開了教室。

(3)表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"，例如：

We had thought that you would come, but you didn't.

我原認為你會來的，但是你沒有。

3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

昨天我在街上遇到了王濤。自從他去了北京我們一直還沒有見過彼此。

四. 過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別

雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時應(yīng)注意以下兩點：

1. 時間狀語不同，過去完成時在時間上強調(diào)“過去的過去”;而一般過去時只強調(diào)過去某一特定的時間。試比較：

They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.

到昨天十點為止，他們已經(jīng)到達了車站。

They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.

他們在昨天十點的時候到達車站。

2. 在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標志時，謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷，先發(fā)生的用過去完成時，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時。例如：

She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.

她很高興。她的全家對她也很滿意。她剛剛在作文比賽中得了第一。

五、練習(xí)及答案

【典型考例】John and I____ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we_____ each other a couple of times before that.

A. had been; have met B. have been; have met

C. had been; had met D. have been; had met

【析】正確答案是D。句意是：約翰和我是8年的朋友了。我們第一次是在一詞圣誕聚會上互相認識的。但是這那之前我們就已經(jīng)碰過好幾次面了。第一句指從過去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的狀況，應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在完成時“have(has)+過去分詞”，第二句表示在我們成為朋友之前過去的動作，即“過去的過去”，應(yīng)使用過去完成時“had+過去分詞”，因此本題的正確答案為D。

一、填空

1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in.

2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die).

3. They _____________ (study) the map of the country before they ________ (leave).

4. The robbers _____________ (run )away before the policemen _______ (arrive).

5. I __________ (turn) off all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed.

6. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call.

7. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice.

8. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake.

9. She told me she _________________(be) to Chongqing three times.

10.He said he _____________already_________(give) the book to the teacher.

11.When I ______________(get) at the station, the train ____________________(leave).

12.We _______________(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.

13. I waited until he _______________(finish) his homework.

14. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do)

二、選擇

1. I lost the book I________.

A.have bought B.bought C.had bought D.had been bought

2.The bus ______ when I arrived at the bus stop.

A.has gone B.went C.had gone D is going

3.Tom ____ of visiting his grandmother，but the bad weather made him change his mind.

A.has thought B.thought C.had thought D.had been thought

4.—Did you meet Tom at the airport?

—No，he ___ by the time I ___ there.

A.has left;got B.had left;arrived C.left;arrived D.left;had got

5.—Why didn't Tom attend the meeting yesterday?

—He ____ Beijing.

A.has gone to B.had gone to C.went to D.had been to

6.In this experiment, they are woken up several times during the night, and asked to report what they____.

A. had just been dreaming B. are just dreaming

C. have just been dreaming D. had just dreamt

7.Finally Mary was admitted by Beijing University，for which she___ five times.

A.had tried B.was trying C.has tried D.tried

8.—I have bought you the books you want.

—Oh，good，I was afraid you _______.

A.forgot B.forget C.had forgotten D.have forgotten

9. We ____five English songs by the end of last term.

A had learned B learned C have learned D will have learned

三、句型

1.He has collected over 300 Chinese stamps. Mike told us.(合并為一句)

Mike told us that he _______ ______ over 300 Chinese stamps.

2.What he did . We didn’t know (合并為一句)

We didn’t know what he _______ ______.

3.The plane set off. By the time we got to the airport. (合并為一句)

By the time we _____ to the airport, the plane ______ ______ off.

4.We didn’t know. He will come. (合并為一句)

We didn’t know he ______ ______.

5.(2019江蘇無錫)如果你能告訴我機器人已失控多久，那就太好了。

It would be great if you can tell me _______________________________

答案

一、1.had painted,moved;

2.had made, died;

3.had studied; left;

4.had run,arrived;

5.had turned, went;

6.went, had made;

7.said, had read;

8.failed, had made;

9.had been;

10.had, given;

11.got, had left;

12.had learned;

13.had finished;

14.had ,done

二、CBCBBDACA

三、1.had collected;

2.had done;

3.got, had set;

4.would come

5.how long the robot had been out of control

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